And the Mormons Never Came Again

Conflict in Latter Day Saint history

1838 Mormon State of war
Part of the Mormon Wars
"Accuse of the Danites" in the 1838 Mormon State of war
Engagement August 6, 1838 - November 1, 1838 Location Northwestern Missouri, U.s.a. (Caldwell County, Carroll Canton, Daviess County, Livingston County) Result Missourian victory Mormons expelled from Missouri and resettled in Nauvoo, Illinois.
Belligerents
Missouri Not-Mormon settlers Missouri Volunteer Militia	Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Mormon settlers Mormon Missouri Volunteer Militia defectors Danites
Commanders and leaders
Governor Lilburn Boggs	Joseph Smith (de facto)
Casualties and losses
22 killed and unknown wounded unknown civilian deaths

The 1838 Mormon War, also known as the Missouri Mormon War, was a conflict between Mormons and non-Mormons in Missouri from August to November 1838, the first of the three "Mormon Wars".

Members of the Latter Solar day Saint move, founded by Joseph Smith, had gradually migrated from New York to northwestern Missouri since 1831, mainly settling in Jackson County, where tensions with not-Mormon residents led to episodes of anti-Mormon violence. The Mormons were evicted from Jackson County in 1833 and resettled in new counties nearby, where tensions grew once again and attempts to evict them resumed. On Baronial 6, 1838, the war began post-obit a ball at an election in Gallatin, resulting in increased organized violence betwixt Mormons and non-Mormons backed by the Missouri Volunteer Militia in northwestern Missouri. The Battle of Kleptomaniacal River in late October led to Lilburn Boggs, the Governor of Missouri, issuing the Missouri Executive Order 44, ordering the Mormons to leave Missouri or be killed. On November ane, 1838, Smith surrendered at Far West, the church's headquarters, ending the war. Smith was charged for treason but escaped custody and fled to Illinois with the rest of the estimated 10,000 Missouri Mormons, establishing the new settlement of Nauvoo.

During the conflict, 22 people were killed (3 Mormons and one non-Mormon at Boxing of Crooked Creek,^[i] one Mormon prisoner fatally injured while in custody,^[2] and 17 Mormons at Haun'due south Mill^[3]), and an unknown number of not-combatants died due to exposure and hardship as a result of being expelled from their homes in Missouri.^[4] All of the conflicts in the Mormon War occurred in a corridor 100 miles (160 km) to the east and northeast of Kansas City.

Background [edit]

Shortly afterward what Mormons consider to be the restoration of the gospel in 1830, Smith stated that he had received a revelation that the Second Coming of Christ was well-nigh, that the City of Zion would be near the town of Independence in Jackson County, Missouri, and that his followers were destined to inherit the state held by the current settlers.

If ye are faithful, ye shall assemble yourselves together to rejoice upon the land of Missouri, which is the land of your inheritance, which is at present the state of your enemies.^[5]

Smith's followers, commonly known as Mormons, began to settle in Jackson County in 1831 to "build up" the city of Zion. Tensions congenital up between the apace growing Mormon community and the earlier settlers for a number of reasons:

• The Mormons believed—afterwards a revelation recorded on June 6, 1831—that if they were righteous they would inherit the land held past others ("which is now the land of your enemies") in Missouri.^[v]
• Their economic cohesion allowed the Mormons to dominate local economies.^{[6] [7]}
• They believed that the Native Americans were descendants of Israelites and proselytized among them extensively.^[8]
• Nearly Mormon immigrants to Missouri (which was at the time a slave state) came from areas which were sympathetic to abolitionism.^{[9] [10]}

These tensions led to harassment and mob violence against the Mormon settlers. In October 1833, anti-Mormon mobs drove the Mormons from Jackson County.^[xi]

At that time, opponents of the Mormons used a pattern that would be repeated four times,^[12] culminating in the expulsion of the Mormons from the entire land. Lilburn Boggs, as a Jackson canton resident, and as Lieutenant Governor, was in a position to observe and aid in executing the tactics described by i Mormon historian:

In 1833 Boggs passively saw community leaders and officials sign demands for Mormon withdrawal, and side by side strength a gunbarrel contract to abandon the canton earlier bound planting...anti-Mormon goals were reached in a few simple stages. Executive paralysis permitted terrorism, which forced Mormons to cocky-defense, which was immediately labeled every bit an "insurrection", and was put downwardly by the activated militia of the county. One time Latter-twenty-four hour period Saints were disarmed, mounted squads visited Mormon settlements with threats and enough beatings and destruction of homes to force flight.^[13]

Forcefully deprived of their homes and property, the Latter-day Saints temporarily settled in the area around Jackson County, particularly in Clay County.^[11]

A map of Northwestern Missouri in 1838, showing points of disharmonize in the Mormon War.

Mormon petitions and lawsuits failed to bring any satisfaction: the non-Mormons in Jackson refused to permit the Mormons to render and reimbursement for confiscated and damaged property was refused. In 1834, Mormons attempted to effect a return to Jackson County with a quasi-armed forces trek known equally Zion's Military camp, but this endeavour also failed when the governor failed to provide the expected support.^[14]

New converts to Mormonism continued to relocate to Missouri and settle in Clay County. Tensions rose in Clay County every bit the Mormon population grew. In an endeavour to keep the peace, Alexander William Doniphan of Clay County pushed a law through the Missouri legislature that created Caldwell County, Missouri, specifically for Mormon settlement in 1836.^[fifteen] Mormons had already begun buying country in the proposed Caldwell Canton, including areas that were carved off to become parts of Ray and Daviess Counties.^[sixteen] They had too founded the Caldwell Canton town of Far Due west as their Missouri headquarters.

One time they were established in a county of their own, a menstruation of relative peace ensued. According to an article in the Elders' Journal – a Latter Mean solar day Saint newspaper published in Far West – "The Saints hither are at perfect peace with all the surrounding inhabitants, and persecution is not so much as in one case named among them..."^[17]

John Corrill, one of the Mormon leaders, remembered:

Friendship began to exist restored betwixt (the Mormons) and their neighbors, the old prejudices were fast dying abroad, and they were doing well, until the summer of 1838^[18]

Compromise breaks down, 1838 [edit]

In 1837, bug at the church's headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio, centering on the Kirtland Safety Guild banking company, led to schism. The church relocated from Kirtland to Far West, which became its new headquarters. Mormon settlement increased as hundreds of members from Kirtland and elsewhere poured into Missouri. Mormons established new colonies outside of Caldwell County, including Adam-ondi-Ahman in Daviess County and De Witt in Carroll County.^[19]

In the eyes of many non-Mormon citizens (including Alexander Doniphan),^[10] these settlements exterior of Caldwell County were a violation of the compromise.^[xx] Mormons felt that the compromise only excluded major settlements in Clay Canton and Ray County, non Daviess County and Carroll County.^[21]

The earlier settlers saw expansion of Mormon communities outside of Caldwell Canton as a political and economical threat.^[13] In Daviess County, where Whigs and Democrats had been roughly evenly counterbalanced, Mormon population reached a level where they could determine election results.^[22]

Salt Sermon and Danites [edit]

At the same fourth dimension, a leadership struggle betwixt the church presidency and Missouri leaders led to the excommunication of several high-placed Mormon leaders, including Oliver Cowdery (one of the Three Witnesses and the church building'south original "second elder"), David Whitmer (another of the 3 Witnesses and Pale President of the Missouri Church), as well as John Whitmer, Hiram Page, William Wines Phelps and others.I^[23] These "dissenters", as they came to be chosen, endemic a significant amount of land in Caldwell County, much of which was purchased when they were interim as agents for the church building.^[24] Possession became unclear and the dissenters threatened the church with lawsuits.

The presidency responded by urging the dissenters to leave the county, using strong words that the dissenters interpreted equally threats. In his famous Salt Sermon, Sidney Rigdon announced that the dissenters were equally common salt that had lost its savor and that it was the duty of the faithful to cast the dissenters out to be trodden beneath the anxiety of men.^{[25] [26]}

At the aforementioned time Mormons, including Sampson Avard, began to organize a secret social club known as the Danites, whose purposes included obeying the church presidency "right or wrong" and expelling the dissenters from Caldwell County.^[27] Two days after Rigdon preached his Salt Sermon, lxxx prominent Mormons, including Hyrum Smith, signed the so-called Danite Manifesto, which warned the dissenters to "depart or a more fatal calamity shall befall y'all". On June 19, the dissenters and their families fled to neighboring counties where their complaints fanned anti-Mormon sentiment.^{[26] [28] [29]}

On July four, Rigdon gave an oration, which was characterized by Mormon historian Brigham Henry Roberts every bit a "'Declaration of Independence' from all mobs and persecutions".^[30] The text of this voice communication was endorsed by Joseph Smith, who appeared at the upshot and participated in the raising of a freedom pole.^[31]

In the voice communication, Rigdon declared that the Latter-day Saints would no longer be driven from their homes by persecution from without or dissension from within, and that if enemies came again to drive out the Saints, "And that mob that comes on united states of america to disturb us, it shall be between u.s.a. and them a war of extermination; for nosotros will follow them until the concluding drop of their blood is spilled; or else they will have to exterminate us, for we will carry the seat of war to their ain houses and their own families, and one party or the other shall be utterly destroyed".^[26]

The Ballot Twenty-four hours Boxing at Gallatin [edit]

The "Ballot Day Battle at Gallatin" was a skirmish between Mormon and non-Mormon settlers in the newly formed Daviess Canton, Missouri, on Baronial 6, 1838.^{[32] [33]}

William Peniston, a candidate for the state legislature, made disparaging statements near the Mormons, calling them "horse-thieves and robbers",^[34] and warned them not to vote in the election.^[35] Reminding Daviess County residents of the growing electoral power of the Mormon customs, Peniston fabricated a speech in Gallatin claiming that if the Missourians "endure such men equally these [Mormons] to vote, you lot will soon lose your suffrage." Effectually 200 non-Mormons gathered in Gallatin on election day to foreclose Mormons from voting.^[36]

When near thirty Latter Day Saints approached the polling place, a Missourian named Dick Weldon alleged that in Dirt County the Mormons had not been immune to vote, "no more than negroes". One of the Mormons nowadays, Samuel Brown, claimed that Peniston's statements were false and then declared his intention to vote. This triggered a brawl between the bystanders.^[34]

At the start of the brawl, Mormon John Butler allow out a call, "Oh yeah, you Danites, here is a chore for united states!" which rallied the Mormons and allowed them to drive off their opponents.^[36]

A number of Missourians left the scene to obtain guns and ammunition and swore that they would "kill all the Saints they could find, or drive them out of Daviess County, sparing neither men, women or children".^[35] The crowd dispersed, and the Mormons returned to their homes.

The skirmish is often cited as the first serious violence of the state of war in Missouri.

Rumors amid both parties spread that there were casualties in the disharmonize. When Joseph Smith and volunteers rode to Adam-ondi-Ahman to assess the state of affairs, they discovered there were no truths to the rumors.^{[35] [36]}

When the Mormons heard a rumor that Judge Adam Black was gathering a mob near Millport, one hundred armed men, including Joseph Smith, surrounded Black's home. They asked if the rumor was truthful and demanded that he sign a document disavowing whatever connection to the vigilance committees. Black refused, but later meeting with Smith, he wrote and signed a document stating that he "is not attached to any mob, nor will attach himself to any such people, and and then long every bit they [the Mormons] will not molest me, I will not molest them."^{[27] [37]} Blackness subsequently confirmed that he had felt threatened by the large number of hostile armed men.^[38]

The Mormons too visited Sheriff William Morgan and several other leading Daviess County citizens, also forcing some of them to sign statements disavowing any ties to the vigilance committees.^[37]

At a meeting at Lyman Wight's home betwixt leading Mormons and non-Mormons, both sides agreed not to protect anyone who had broken the police force and to give up all offenders to the authorities. With peace restored, Smith's group returned to Caldwell County.^[37]

Blackness and others filed complaints against Smith and the other identifiable Mormon participants. On September 7, Smith and Lyman Wight appeared before Judge Austin A. Rex to reply the charges. Rex constitute that at that place was sufficient prove to have the defendants appear earlier a grand jury on misdemeanor charges.^[39]

Mormons expelled from De Witt [edit]

In the leap of 1838, Henry Root, a not-Mormon who was a major state-owner in Carroll County, visited Far Westward and sold his plots in the mostly vacant town of De Witt to church building leaders. De Witt possessed a strategically important location most the intersection of the Grand River and the Missouri River. Ii members of the Far West High Council, George Chiliad. Hinkle and John Murdock, were sent to accept possession of the town and to begin to colonize it.^{[twoscore] [41]}

On July 30, citizens of Carroll County met in Carrollton to hash out the Mormon colonization of De Witt. The question of whether or not Mormons should be allowed to settle in the county was placed on the August 6 ballot; a heavy bulk favored expulsion of the Mormons. A commission sent to De Witt ordered the Latter-day Saints to get out. Hinkle and Murdock refused, citing their correct as American citizens to settle where they pleased.^{[13] [42]}

Sentiment amid the anti-Mormon segment of Carroll County's population hardened, and some began to take up arms. On August 19, 1838, Mormon settler Smith Humphrey reports that 100 armed men led by Colonel William Claude Jones took him prisoner for 2 hours and threatened him and the residuum of the Mormon community.^[43]

Initial reaction past Missourians was mixed. While Mormons were viewed equally deluded or worse, many Missourians agreed with the sentiment expressed in the Southern Abet:

By what color of propriety a portion of the people of the State, can organize themselves into a body, independent of the civil power, and contravene the general laws of the land by preventing the free enjoyment of the correct of citizenship to some other portion of the people, we are at a loss to comprehend.^[44]

As tensions built in Daviess County, other counties began to respond to Carroll County's request for aid in expelling the Mormons from their county. Citizens in Saline, Howard, Jackson, Chariton, Ray, and other nearby counties organized vigilance committees sympathetic to the Carroll County expulsion party.^{[13] [45]}

Some isolated Mormons in outlying areas also came nether attack. In Livingston County, a group of armed men forced Asahel Lathrop from his dwelling, where they held his sick married woman and children prisoner. Lathrop wrote "I was compeled [sic] to go out my habitation my firm was thronged with a company of armed men consisting of fourteen in number and they abusing my family in allmost [sic] every form that Creturs [sic] in the shape of homo Beeings [sic] could invent."^[46] After more than a calendar week, a company of armed Mormons assisted Lathrop in rescuing his wife and two of his children (one had died while prisoner). Lathrop's wife and remaining children died shortly after their rescue.^[47]

On September 20, 1838, most one hundred fifty armed men rode into De Witt and demanded that the Mormons leave within x days. Hinkle and other Mormon leaders informed the men that they would fight. They too sent a request for assistance to Governor Boggs, noting that the mob had threatened "to exterminate them, without regard to historic period or sex".^[48]

On October 1, the mob burned the habitation and stables of Smith Humphrey.^[43] The citizens of De Witt sent non-Mormon Henry Root to appeal to Judge King and General Parks for assistance. Later that day, the Carroll County forces sealed off the town.^[48]

The besieged town resorted to butchering whatsoever loose livestock wandered into town in social club to avert starvation while waiting for the militia or the Governor to come to their aid. General Parks arrived with the Ray County militia on Oct vi, but his order to disperse was ignored past the mob. When his own troops threatened to bring together the attackers, Parks was forced to withdraw to Daviess Canton in hopes that the Governor would come to mediate. Parks wrote his superior, General David Rice Atchison, that "a word from his Excellency would have more power to quell this affair than a regiment."^{[48] [49]}

On October ix, A C Caldwell returned to De Witt to report that the Governor's response was that the "quarrel was between the Mormons and the mob" and that they should fight information technology out.^[48]

On October xi, Mormon leaders agreed to abandon the settlement and move to Caldwell County.

On the first night of the march out of Carroll Canton, two Mormon women died. One woman died of exposure, the other (a woman named Jenson) died in childbirth. Several children likewise became ill during the ordeal and died later.^{[48] [49]}

Daviess County expedition [edit]

General David R. Atchison wrote a letter of the alphabet to Governor Lilburn Boggs on October 16, 1838. He stated that Full general Parks reported to him that "a portion of the men from Carroll County, with one slice of artillery, are on their march for Daviess County, where information technology is thought the same lawless game is to be played over, and the Mormons to be driven from that canton and probably from Caldwell County." Atchison said further, "I would respectfully suggest to your Excellency the propriety of a visit to the scene of excitement in person, or at all events, a strong annunciation" equally the merely manner to restore peace and the rule of police.^[l] Boggs, yet, ignored this plea and connected to expect as events unravelled.^[xiii]

Meanwhile, a group of non-Mormons from Clinton, Platte, and other counties began to harass Mormons in Daviess County, burning outlying homes and plundering property.^[13] Latter Day Saint refugees began to abscond to Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection and shelter against the upcoming winter. Joseph Smith, returning to Far West from De Witt, was informed by General Doniphan of the deteriorating state of affairs. Doniphan already had troops raised to prevent fighting betwixt Mormons and anti-Mormons in Daviess County. On Sunday, October xiv, a small company of land militia under the command of Colonel William A. Dunn of Clay Canton arrived in Far West. Dunn, acting under the orders of Doniphan, continued on to Adam-ondi-Ahman.^{[51] [52]} Although he was sympathetic to the Mormons' plight, Doniphan reminded the Latter-day Saints that the Caldwell Canton militia could not legally enter Daviess Canton, and he advised Mormons traveling at that place to go in small parties and unarmed.^{[51] [53]} Ignoring this counsel, Estimate Higby, a Mormon judge in Caldwell Canton chosen out the Caldwell militia, led past Colonel George M. Hinkle. Although canton officials could only legally human action within the county, this judge authorized Hinkle to defend Latter-solar day Saint settlements in neighboring Daviess Canton.^[54]

Colonel Hinkle and Mormons of the Caldwell Canton militia were joined by elements of the Danite organization.^[53] On Oct 18, these Mormons began to human activity as vigilantes and marched under arms in three groups to Daviess County. Lyman Wight took his army and attacked Millport. David W. Patten, likewise known equally Helm Fearnot, attacked Gallatin. Seymour Brunson attacked Grindstone Fork.^[55] The Missourians and their families, outnumbered by the Mormons, made their way to neighboring counties.

Having taken command of the Missourian settlements, the Mormons plundered the property and burned the stores and houses. The county seat, Gallatin, is reported to have been "completely gutted" – simply one shoe store remained unscathed.^{[53] [56]} Millport, Grindstone Fork and the smaller Missourian settlement of Splawn's Ridge were also plundered and had some houses burned.^[57] The plundered goods were deposited in the Bishop's storehouse at Diahman.^[58]

During the days that followed, Latter Day Saint vigilantes under the direction and encouragement of Lyman Wight drove Missourians who lived in outlying farms from their homes, which were similarly plundered and burned.^[59] Co-ordinate to 1 witness, "We could stand in our door and meet houses burning every night for over two weeks... the Mormons completely gutted Daviess County. In that location was scarcely a Missourian'south home left standing in the county. Near every one was burned."^[60]

The Missourians evicted from their homes were no better prepared than the Mormon refugees had been. Afterward the stress of being expelled from Millport into the snowfall, Milford Donaho'due south wife gave birth prematurely, and the child was severely injured during the birth.^[57]

Even Missourians who had been friendly to the Mormons were not spared. Jacob Stollings, a Gallatin merchant, was reported to have been generous in selling to Mormons on credit, but his shop was plundered and burned with the rest. Guess Josiah Morin and Samuel McBrier, both considered friendly to the Mormons, both fled Daviess County after being threatened. McBrier's house was among those burned.^[57]

When a Mormon band plundered and burned the Taylor abode, 1 young Mormon, Benjamin F Johnson, argued his fellow vigilantes into leaving a horse for a pregnant Mrs Taylor and her children to ride to rubber. Ironically, every bit a consequence of his kindness, he was the but Mormon who was positively identified to take participated in the home burnings. Later several non-Mormons made statements to the government that Johnson had acted every bit a moderating influence on the Danites, he was allowed to escape rather than stand trial.^[61]

Many Latter Day Saints were greatly troubled by the occurrences. Mormon leader John Corrill wrote, "the love of pillage grew upon them very fast, for they plundered every kind of property they could go a agree of."^[62] Some Latter-day Saints claimed that some of the Missourians burned their own homes in order to blame the Mormons.^[63] None of these claims, however, purport to exist eyewitness accounts. Overwhelmingly, these claims are contradicted by the majority of both Missourian and Latter Mean solar day Saint testimony (which implicate the Mormons in the burnings) and also past the evidence of the looted property found in the possession of Latter Day Saints.^[57] Even Mormon leader Parley P Pratt conceded that some burnings had been done by Mormons.^[64] Based on the available evidence, LeSueur estimates that Mormons were responsible for the called-for of fifty homes or shops and the displacement of 1 hundred non-Mormon families.^[57] Millport, which at time was the largest city in the county and the center for trade, never recovered from the Mormon burnings, and became a ghost town.^[65]

Local citizens were outraged by the actions of the Danites and other Mormon bands. Several Mormon homes well-nigh Millport were burned and their inhabitants expelled into the snow. Agnes Smith, a sister-in-police of Joseph, was chased from her habitation with ii small children when her home was burned. With one child in each arm, she waded beyond an icy creek to safety in Adam-ondi-Ahman. Nathan Tanner reported that his militia visitor rescued another adult female and three small children who were hiding in the bushes as their habitation burned. Other Mormons, fearing similar retribution by the Missourians, gathered into Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection.^[57]

Marsh affirmation [edit]

Thomas B. Marsh, President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the church, and fellow Apostle Orson Hyde were alarmed past the events of the Daviess County expedition. On October 19, 1838, the day later on Gallatin was burned, Thomas B. Marsh and beau apostle Orson Hyde left the association of the Church.^[66] On Oct 24, they swore out affidavits concerning the called-for and looting in Daviess County. They also reported the existence of the Danite group among the Mormons and repeated a popular rumor that a grouping of Danites was planning to assault and fire Richmond and Freedom.^{[67] [68]}

Boxing of Kleptomaniacal River [edit]

Fearing assault, many citizens of Ray County moved their wives and children across the Missouri River for safety. A Militia under the control of Samuel Bogart was authorized past Full general Atchison to patrol the no-human being's land betwixt Ray and Caldwell Counties known as "Bunkham's Strip" – an unincorporated territory half-dozen miles (9.7 km) east to westward and 1-mile (1.6 km) due north to south.^[69] Instead of staying in the strip, Bogart passed into southern Caldwell Canton and began to disarm Mormons. Rumor reached Far West that a Militia unit from Ray County had taken Mormons prisoner and an armed party was speedily assembled to rescue these prisoners and push the Militia out of the county.^[70]

When the Mormons arrived on the scene, the State Militia unit was camped along Crooked River in the Bunkham's Strip just south of Caldwell County. The Mormons divided into three columns led by David W. Patten, Charles C. Rich, and James Durphee. The Missouri Militia had the advantage of position and fired, but the Mormons continued to advance. The Militia broke ranks and fled across the river. Although Mormons won the battle, they took heavier casualties than the Militia, only 1 of whom, Moses Rowland, was killed. On the Mormon side, Gideon Carter was killed in the battle and nine other Mormons were wounded, including Patten, who soon after died from his wounds.^[71] According to one Mormon witness, the deaths "threw a gloom over the whole identify".^[72]

Mormon Extermination Guild [edit]

News of the battle apace spread and contributed to an all-out panic in northwestern Missouri. Exaggerated initial reports indicated that nearly all of Bogart'south company had been killed.^[73] Generals Atchison, Doniphon and Parks decided they needed to call out the Militia to "prevent further violence". This is how it was explained in a letter to US Army Colonel R. B. Mason of Ft. Leavenworth:

The citizens of Daviess, Carroll, and some other counties have raised mob afterward mob for the last two months for the purpose of driving a group of mormons from those counties and from the State.^[74]

While the State Militia gathered, Missouri unorganized Militia continued to act on their ain, driving Mormons inwards to Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman.^[75]

Meanwhile, exaggerated reports from the Battle of Crooked River made their way to Missouri's governor, Lilburn Boggs. Boggs held strong preconceptions confronting the Mormons, dating from the time when both he and they had lived in Jackson County. Although he had refrained from stopping the illegal anti-Mormon siege of De Witt, he at present mustered 2,500 State Militia to put down the Mormon coup against the state. Possibly playing on Rigdon's July 4 sermon that talked of a "war of extermination", Boggs issued Missouri Executive Order 44, likewise known as the "Extermination Order", on October 27, which stated that "the Mormons must be treated equally enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace..."^[76] The Extermination Society was finally rescinded on June 25, 1976, by Governor Christopher Samuel "Kit" Bond.^{[77] [78]}

Haun's Manufacturing plant Massacre [edit]

Agitation against the Latter Day Saints had become particularly fierce in the sparsely settled counties north and east of Caldwell Canton. Mormon dissenters from Daviess County who had fled to Livingston County reportedly told Livingston Canton militia under Colonel Thomas Jennings that Mormons were gathering at Haun'due south Mill to mount a raid into Livingston County.^[79] One 19th century Missouri historian noted:

The Daviess County men were very biting confronting the Mormons, and vowed the direst vengeance on the entire sect. It did not matter whether or non the Mormons at [Haun'south] mill had taken whatsoever part in the disturbance which had occurred [in Daviess County]; information technology was enough that they were Mormons. The Livingston men became thoroughly imbued with the same spirit, and were eager for the raid ... feel[ing] an extraordinary sympathy for the outrages suffered by their neighbors^[eighty]

Although information technology had merely been issued, it is unlikely that the governor's "Extermination Society" would accept already reached these men, and in whatsoever event it would non have authorized them to cross into Caldwell County to raid. In addition, none of the participants in the raid cited the society as justification for their actions.^[81]

On Oct 29, this big vigilante band of some 250 men assembled and entered eastern Caldwell County. When the Missourian raiders approached the settlement on the afternoon of October 30, some 30 to 40 Latter Day Saint families were living or encamped there. Despite an attempt by the Mormons to parley, the mob attacked. Thomas McBride surrendered his burglarize to Jacob Rogers, who shot McBride with his own gun. When McBride held out a paw, Rogers cut information technology off with a corn knife, and so may have further mangled his trunk while McBride was all the same live.^[82] Other members of the mob opened fire, which sent the Latter-twenty-four hour period Saints fleeing in all directions.

While Mormon women and children scattered and hid in the surrounding woods and nearby homes, Mormon men and boys rallied to defend the settlement. They moved into a blacksmith store, which they hoped to use as a makeshift defensive fortification. Unfortunately, the shop had big gaps between the logs which the Missourians shot into and, equally 1 Mormon later on recalled, it became more "shambles rather than a shelter".^[83] The mob gave no quarter. Afterward most of the defenders in the blacksmith shop had been killed or mortally wounded, some of the Missourians entered to finish the work. Finding 10-year-one-time Sardius Smith hiding backside the bellows, William Reynolds of Livingston County shot and killed the boy, maxim: "Nits will make lice, and if he had lived he would accept get a Mormon"^[79]

In all, 17 Latter Solar day Saints were killed in what came to exist chosen the Haun'south Factory Massacre.^{[3] [84]} When survivors of the massacre reached Far West, the reports of the savagery of the attack played a significant part in the decision of the Mormons to give up.^[79]

None of the Missourians were e'er prosecuted for their function in the Haun'due south Manufactory Massacre.^[79]

Siege of Far Due west and capture of church leaders [edit]

Most Mormons gathered to Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection. Major General Samuel D. Lucas marched the state militia to Far West and laid siege to the Mormon headquarters.^[85]

Surrounded past the state militia, the mood in besieged Far Westward was uneasy. Joseph Smith ordered Colonel George M. Hinkle, the head of the Mormon militia in Caldwell County, to ride out and meet with General Lucas to seek terms. Co-ordinate to Hinkle, Smith wanted a treaty with the Missourians "on any terms short of battle".^[86] Other Latter Twenty-four hour period Saint witnesses remembered that Smith said to "beg like a dog for peace".^{[87] [88] [89]}

Lucas' terms were astringent. The Latter-twenty-four hours Saints were to give up their leaders for trial and to surrender all of their arms. Every Mormon who had taken up artillery was to sell his holding to pay for the damages to Missourian property and for the muster of the state militia. Finally, the Mormons who had taken up arms were to exit the state.^{[89] [xc]} Colonel Hinkle stated that the Latter Day Saints would help bring to justice those Mormons who had violated the police, but he protested that the other terms were illegal and unconstitutional.^[91]

Colonel Hinkle rode to the church building leaders in Far West and informed them of the offered terms. According to Latter Day Saint witness Reed Peck, when Smith was told that the Mormons would be expected to leave the state, he replied that "he did non care" and that he would exist glad to become out of the "damnable land" anyhow.^[88] Smith and the other leaders rode with Hinkle back to the Missouri militia encampment. The militia promptly arrested Smith and the other leaders.^[89] Smith believed that Hinkle had betrayed him,^[92] but Hinkle maintained his innocence and claimed that he was following Smith'due south orders. To William Wines Phelps, a swain Latter-solar day Saint and witness to the events, Hinkle wrote: "When the facts were laid before Joseph, did he not say, 'I will go'; and did not the others go with him, and that, too, voluntarily, so far as yous and I were concerned?"^{[93] [94]}

Joseph Smith and the other arrested leaders were held overnight nether guard in General Lucas' camp, where they were left exposed to the elements.

Hyrum Smith, Brigham Young, and other leaders left at Far W warned the veterans of Crooked River to flee. "If establish, they volition be shot down similar dogs," warned Hyrum.^[95]

Joseph Smith Jr attempted to negotiate with Lucas, but it became articulate that Lucas considered his atmospheric condition to be non-negotiable. At 8:00 am, Joseph sent word to Far West to give up.^[94]

Ebenezer Robinson described the scene at Far Due west,

Full general Clark made the following spoken communication to the brethren on the public square: "... The orders of the governor to me were, that you should be exterminated, and non allowed to remain in the state, and had your leaders not been given up, and the terms of the treaty complied with, before this, you and your families would have been destroyed and your houses in ashes."^[96]

The Far Due west militia was marched out of the urban center and forced to turn over their weapons to General Lucas. The men under the command of Lucas were then allowed to ransack the city to search for weapons.^[97] Brigham Immature recounts that, one time the militia was disarmed, Lucas'due south men were turned loose on the urban center:

[T]hey commenced their ravages past plundering the citizens of their bedding, article of clothing, money, wearing wearing apparel, and every matter of value they could lay their hands upon, and also attempting to violate the chastity of the women in sight of their husbands and friends, under the pretence of hunting for prisoners and arms. The soldiers shot down our oxen, cows, hogs and fowls, at our own doors, taking part abroad and leaving the residuum to rot in the streets. The soldiers as well turned their horses into our fields of corn.^{[98] [99]}

Trials of Mormon leaders [edit]

Lucas tried Joseph Smith and other Mormon leaders by courtroom martial on November one, the evening of the give up. Subsequently the court martial, he ordered General Alexander William Doniphan:

You volition take Joseph Smith and the other prisoners into the public square of Far West and shoot them at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning time.^[100]

Doniphan refused to obey the society, replying:

It is cold-blooded murder. I will not obey your order. My brigade shall march for Freedom to-morrow morning, at viii o'clock, and if you execute those men, I will hold you responsible earlier an earthly tribunal, and then help me God!^[101]

The defendants, consisting of about 60 men including Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon, were turned over to a civil court of enquiry in Richmond nether Judge Austin A. Male monarch, on charges of treason, murder, arson, burglary, robbery, larceny and perjury.^{[13] [102]} The court of inquiry began Nov 12, 1838. Later the enquiry, all but a few of the Mormon prisoners were released, only Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, Lyman Wight, Caleb Baldwin, Hyrum Smith and Alexander McRae were held in the Liberty Jail in Liberty, Clay County on charges of treason against the state, murder, arson, burglary, robbery and larceny.^{[102] [103]}

During a transfer to another prison in the jump of 1839, Smith escaped. The verbal circumstances that allowed for him to escape are not certain. John Whitmer recounts that Smith bribed the guards.^[104]

It is also believed that Smith's imprisonment had get an embarrassment, and that an escape would exist convenient for Boggs and the rest of the Missouri political institution.^[105]

Smith and the other Mormons resettled in Nauvoo, Illinois, outset in 1839.^[105]

Daviess County residents were outraged by the escape of Smith and the other leaders. William Bowman, one of the guards, was dragged by his pilus across the town square. Sheriff Morgan was ridden through town on an atomic number 26 bar, and died shortly later from the injuries he suffered during the ride.^[106]

Aftermath [edit]

Full general Clark viewed Executive Club 44 as having been fulfilled by the agreement of the Mormons to evacuate the land the following leap.^[107] The militia was disbanded in belatedly Nov.^[xiii]

Missouri blamed the Mormons for the conflict and forced the Latter-day Saints to sign over all their lands in order to pay for the country militia muster.

Mormon leaders appealed to the country legislature to overturn the requirement that they leave the state, simply the legislature tabled the outcome until a date well afterwards that when the Mormons would take left the country.^[thirteen]

With the refusal of the Governor or Legislature to intervene, and having surrendered the majority of their firearms, Mormons were left nearly defenseless to face the mob.^[108] Mormon residents were harassed and attacked past angry residents who were no longer restrained past militia officers.^{[109] [110]} Guess Austin A King, who had been assigned the cases of the Mormons charged with offenses during the conflict, warned "If you lot once think to plant crops or to occupy your lands any longer than the outset of April, the citizens will be upon you: they will kill you lot every ane, men, women and children."^[13]

Flight of Mormons to Illinois [edit]

Stripped of their property, the Mormons were then given a few months to get out the state. Most refugees made their style east to Illinois, where residents of the town of Quincy helped them. When faced with the Mormon refugees from Missouri, the people of Quincy, Illinois, were outraged by the treatment the Mormons had experienced.^[111] One resolution passed by the Quincy town council read:

Resolved: That the gov of Missouri, in refusing protection to this class of people when pressed upon by an heartless mob, and turning upon them a band of unprincipled Militia, with orders encouraging their extermination, has brought a lasting disgrace upon the state over which he presides.^[112]

Eventually, the big portion of the Mormons regrouped and founded a new metropolis in Illinois which they chosen Nauvoo.

Political fallout [edit]

When events in Daviess County caused Missourians to see the Mormon community as a vehement threat, non-Mormon public stance hardened in favor of a firm war machine response. Even militia commanders such as Clark, Doniphan, and Atchison who were sympathetic to the Mormons came to come across a armed forces response as the only way to bring the state of affairs under control.^[74]

Many of Boggs's constituents felt that he had mis-managed the state of affairs, past failing to intervene earlier in the crisis, and so by overreacting on the basis of fractional and incorrect information.

The Missouri Argus published an editorial on December 20, 1838, that public stance should not permit the Mormons to forcibly be expelled from the state:

They cannot be driven beyond the limits of the land—that is certain. To do so, would be to act with extreme cruelty. Public opinion has recoiled from a summary and forcible removal of our negro population;—much more than likely will it be to revolt at the vehement expulsion of two or three g souls, who have then many ties to connect them with the states in a mutual brotherhood. If they choose to remain, we must be content. The day has gone by when masses of men can be outlawed, and driven from social club to the wilderness, unprotected. ... The refinement, the charity of our age, volition not beck information technology.^[113]

Fifty-fifty people who otherwise would have had no sympathy for the Mormons were appalled past Boggs's Executive Lodge and the treatment of the Mormons by the mobs. One gimmicky critic of the Mormons wrote:

Mormonism is a monstrous evil; and the only place where information technology e'er did or ever could shine, this side of the globe of despair, is by the side of the Missouri mob.^{[114] [115]}

LeSueur notes that, along with other setbacks, Boggs'south mishandling of the Mormon disharmonize left him "politically impotent" by the end of his term.^[116]

Boggs assassination attempt [edit]

On May six, 1842, Boggs was shot in the head at his home three blocks from Temple Lot.^[117] Boggs survived, but Mormons came under immediate suspicion especially of the alleged failed assassination endeavor by Orrin Porter Rockwell of the Mormon Danites.

Sheriff J.H. Reynolds discovered a revolver at the scene, still loaded with buckshot. He surmised that the perpetrator had fired upon Boggs and lost his firearm in the night when the weapon recoiled due to its unusually large shot. The gun was found to have been stolen from a local shopkeeper, who identified "that hired man of Ward's" as the almost probable culprit. Reynolds determined the human being in question was Porter Rockwell, a shut acquaintance of Joseph Smith. However, Reynolds was unable to capture Rockwell.

John C. Bennett, a disaffected Mormon, reported that Smith had offered a cash reward to anyone who would assassinate Boggs, and that Smith had admitted to him that Rockwell had done the deed.^[118]

Joseph Smith vehemently denied Bennett'southward account, speculating that Boggs—no longer governor, but campaigning for state senate—was attacked by an election opponent. One historian notes that Governor Boggs was running for election against several violent men, all capable of the deed, and that there was no particular reason to suspect Rockwell of the offense.^[119] Other historians are convinced that Rockwell was involved in the shooting.^[120]

Whatever the instance, the post-obit yr Rockwell was arrested, tried, and acquitted of the attempted murder,^[118] although most of Boggs' contemporaries remained convinced of his guilt. A grand jury was unable to find sufficient evidence to indict him, convinced in function by his reputation as a mortiferous gunman and his statement that he "never shot at anybody, if I shoot they go shot!... He's notwithstanding alive, ain't he?"^[121]

Come across also [edit]

• Border Ruffian
• Illinois Mormon War (1844–1845)
• Latter Day Saint martyrs
• List of conflicts in the United States
• Missouri Executive Gild 44 (1838 Missouri)
• Mormon Exodus (1846–1857)
• Utah War (1857–1858)

Notes [edit]

1. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. 131–142
2. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. 148–149, 162
3. ^ ^{a b} Hartley 2001, p. half dozen
4. ^ LeSueur 1990, p. 257
5. ^ ^{a b} Doctrine and Covenants 52:42
6. ^ DeVoto 2000, pp. 84–85
7. ^ Arrington & Bitton 1979, pp. 49–l
8. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. ten, 17–21
9. ^ Furniss 1966, p. 2
10. ^ ^{a b} Doniphan 1881.
11. ^ ^{a b} Arrington & Bitton 1979, p. 45
12. ^ Hartley 2001, pp. six–7
13. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f g h i j} Anderson 1994
14. ^ LeSueur 1990, p. xix
15. ^ Bushman 2007, pp. 344–345
16. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. 19, 23–24
17. ^ LeSueur 1990, p. 24
18. ^ Corrill 1839, p. 26
19. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. 29–31
20. ^ "The Mormons", The Western Star, Freedom, Missouri, September xiv, 1838 . Reprinted by Dale R. Broadhurst at sidneyrigdon.com
21. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. 25–26
22. ^ Arrington & Bitton 1979, pp. 50–52
23. ^ Cannon & Cook 1983, pp. 162–171
24. ^ Hamer 2004, p. xv–xvii
25. ^ Van Wagoner 1994, p. 218
26. ^ ^{a b c} LeSueur 1990, pp. 37–43
27. ^ ^{a b} Role of the Secretary of State of Missouri 1841, pp. 97–108
28. ^ Quinn 1994, p. 94
29. ^ Baugh 2000, pp. 36–40
30. ^ Roberts 1965, Vol. ane, p. 438
31. ^ Bushman 2007, p. 355
32. ^ Arrington & Bitton 1979, p. 51
33. ^ Bushman 2007, pp. 357–358
34. ^ ^{a b} Greene 1839, pp. 18–nineteen
35. ^ ^{a b c} Smith, Rigdon & Smith 1840, pp. 16–17
36. ^ ^{a b c} LeSueur 1990, pp. 55–64
37. ^ ^{a b c} LeSueur 1990, pp. 65–67
38. ^ Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri 1841, pp. 159–163
39. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. 77–85
40. ^ Johnson 1992, p. 666
41. ^ Baugh 2000, p. 65
42. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. 54–58
43. ^ ^{a b} Johnson 1992, p. 470
44. ^ "The Mormons". Southern Abet. September ane, 1838. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved Apr xv, 2011.
45. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. 70–71
46. ^ Johnson 1992, pp. 211–305
47. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. 85–86
48. ^ ^{a b c d e} LeSueur 1990, pp. 101–110
49. ^ ^{a b} Perkins, Keith Due west (1994). "De Witt-Prelude to Expulsion". Regional Studies in Latter-day Saint History: Missouri . Retrieved April 9, 2011. ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
50. ^ Function of the Secretary of State of Missouri 1841, p. 39
51. ^ ^{a b} Smith, Rigdon & Smith 1840, pp. 41–42
52. ^ Office of the Secretary of Land of Missouri 1841, p. 24
53. ^ ^{a b c} Baugh 2000, pp. 85–87
54. ^ Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-solar day Saints 1968.
55. ^ William G. Hartley (Apr xviii, 2017). My Best for the Kingdom: History and Autobiography of John Lowe Butler, a Mormon Frontiersman. C.L. Dalton Enterprises. p. 69. ISBN9781365739682.
56. ^ Part of the Secretary of State of Missouri 1841, pp. 43–46, 53–54
57. ^ ^{a b c d e f} LeSueur 1990, pp. 117–124
58. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. 120
59. ^ Thorp 1924, p. 91
60. ^ McGee 1909, p. xiii
61. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. 193–194
62. ^ Corrill 1839, p. 38
63. ^ Foote, p. 25
64. ^ Bushman 2007, pp. 363–365, 370–372
65. ^ Andrew Jensen (1889). The Historical Tape, Volumes 5-8. p. 732.
66. ^ "LDS Church History: LDS History, October fourteen, 1838".
67. ^ Role of the Secretary of State of Missouri 1841, pp. 57–59
68. ^ http://www.tungate.com/TBMarsh.htm affidavit
69. ^ Part of the Secretarial assistant of State of Missouri 1841, pp. 108–110
70. ^ Baugh 2000, p. 102
71. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. 137–142
72. ^ Baugh 2000, p. 108
73. ^ Office of the Secretarial assistant of State of Missouri 1841, p. 60
74. ^ ^{a b} LeSueur 1990, p. 145
75. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. 147–149
76. ^ Office of the Secretary of Country of Missouri 1841, p. 61
77. ^ "The Extermination Order and How information technology was Rescinded". John Whitmer Historical Association. Archived from the original on May 26, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
78. ^ "Governor Bond'south Rescission order" (PDF). The Missouri Mormon State of war collection. Missouri State Archives. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
79. ^ ^{a b c d} LeSueur 1990, pp. 162–168
80. ^ Baugh 2000, p. 115
81. ^ Baugh 2000, p. 127
82. ^ Greene 1839, pp. 21–24
83. ^ Lee 1877, p. eighty
84. ^ Arrington & Bitton 1979, p. 45
85. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. 153–158
86. ^ Reorganized Church building of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 1920, p. thirteen:449.
87. ^ Corrill 1839, p. 41
88. ^ ^{a b} Peck 1839, p. 24.
89. ^ ^{a b c} LeSueur 1990, pp. 168–172
90. ^ Part of the Secretary of State of Missouri 1841, p. 73
91. ^ Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 1920, p. 13:450-451.
92. ^ Jessee 1984, p. 362
93. ^ Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 1920, p. 13:451.
94. ^ ^{a b} LeSueur 1990, pp. 175–177
95. ^ LeSueur 1990, p. 174
96. ^ Robinson, Ebenezer, Autobiographical Remarks by Ebenezer Robinson (1832–1843) . Reprinted past the Book of Abraham Project at boap.org
97. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. 180–181
98. ^ The Manuscript History of Brigham Young, taken from the Millennial Star, 1801–1835
99. ^ Johnson 1992, pp. 619–681
100. ^ LeSueur 1990, p. 182
101. ^ LeSueur 1990, p. 183
102. ^ ^{a b} Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri 1841, pp. 153–163
103. ^ Bushman 2007, pp. 363–372
104. ^ Whitmer, John (1832–1846). The Book of John Whitmer. Provo, UT: Book of Abraham Project. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
105. ^ ^{a b} Bushman 2007, pp. 382–386
106. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. 243–244
107. ^ Greene 1839, p. 27
108. ^ Hartley 2001, pp. 8–22
109. ^ Greene 1839, pp. 26–28, 34, 36
110. ^ Johnson 1992
111. ^ Black, Susan Easton (2001). "Quincy—A City of Refuge" (PDF). Mormon Historical Studies. 2 (ane): 83–94. Retrieved Apr 20, 2011.
112. ^ Greene 1839, p. ten
113. ^ Hartley 2001, p. 10
114. ^ Arrington & Bitton 1979, p. 57
115. ^ Turner 1842, p. 58
116. ^ LeSueur 1990, p. 258
117. ^ MISSOURI MORMON WALKING TRAIL MAP Archived December 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine – jwha.info
118. ^ ^{a b} Bushman 2007, p. 468
119. ^ McLaws 1965
120. ^ DeVoto 2000, p. 85
121. ^ Beckstorm, Danielle. "Porter Rockwell". LDS Living.http://ldsliving.com/story/77142-porter-rockwell-seven-unbelievable-facts-and-stories-you lot-didnt-know

References [edit]

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• Arrington, Leonard J.; Bitton, Davis (1979), The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-day Saints, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN0-394-46566-0 .
• Baugh, Alexander 50. (2000). A Telephone call to Arms: The 1838 Mormon Defense of Northern Missouri (Thesis). BYU Studies. ISBN9780842524704.
• Baugh, Alexander 50 (Spring 2001), ""Nosotros Took Our Change of Venue to the State of Illinois": The Gallatin Hearing and the Escape of Joseph Smith and the Mormon Prisoners from Missouri, April 1839" (PDF), Mormon Historical Studies: 59–82, retrieved November 29, 2012 ^{[ permanent expressionless link ]} .
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• Cannon, Donald Q.; Cook, Lyndon W., eds. (1983). The Far W Tape: Minutes of the Church building of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1830–1844. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company. ISBN0877479011. OCLC 9081193.
• Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1968), Journal History (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), Salt Lake City, Utah, archived from the original on December 5, 2012 .
• Corrill, John (1839), A Brief History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-24-hour interval Saints (Commonly Called Mormons), St. Louis, Missouri .
• DeVoto, Bernard (2000), The Year of Decision: 1846, New York City, NY: St. Martin's Griffin, pp. 82–86, ISBN0-312-26794-0 .
• Doniphan, Alexander (June 12, 1881), "Mormonism. The Settlement of The Peculiar People in Jackson County. And Subsequent Expulsion. Gen. Doniphan's Recollections of the Troubles of that Early Time.", Kansas City Daily Journal, archived from the original on Apr 27, 2011, retrieved Apr xiv, 2011 . Reprinted by Dale R. Broadhurst at sidneyrigdon.com.
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External links [edit]

• Far West Cultural Center primary sources Archived July 22, 2005, at the Wayback Motorcar
• Mel Tungate'south Battle of Kleptomaniacal River sources website
• Joseph Smith's Journal Entries
• History of the Reorganized Church building of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Volume ii Chapter 11

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1838_Mormon_War

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